TO BECOME A SUCCESFUL SCIENTIST, WE MUST BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY AND USE SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS OR TOOLS.
THESE TOOLS ARE FOR COLLECTING DATA, TAKING MEASURMENTS AND RECORDING INFORMATION.
SCIENTIST USE A VARIETY OF TOOLS TO DO INVESTIGATIONS.
JUST TAKE A LOOK AT SOME OF THE LAB TOOLS YOU WILL LEARN.!!
GOGGLES: Protects eyes from chemical splashes
MICROSCOPE:A tool that magnifies objects at a much higher
power than a hand lens.
THERMOMETER:Measures temperature.
PAN BALANCE: Is used to measures the mass of an object..
MAGNET : An object that attracts iron or steel. HAND LENS: A tool that let you see things you cannot see with your eyes.it magnifies objects.
BEAKER: used to measures volume of a liquid. TEST TUBE: It is smaller than a beaker.it is open at one and closed in the other. it is used to hold and test small amounts of chemicals. GRADUATED CYLINDER: it is also used to measure the volume of liquids. HOT PLATE:it is used to heat glassware or its content.
NOW... WATCH THE VIDEO!!!
martes, 30 de julio de 2019
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
what is the scientific method?
The scientific method is a way for scientists to study and learn things. It doesn't matter what the scientist is trying to learn, using the scientific method can help them come up with an answer.
SCIENTIC METHOD STEPS:
1. make an observation
2. ask a question
3.form a hypothesis
4.make a prediction
5. Do a test or experimentation
6.Analyze data
7.Draw Conclusions
HISTORY OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
The scientific method wasn't invented by one person, but was developed by different scientists and philosophers over the years. For something that sounds so simple and basic, there are still long scientific papers written about the method and scientists who disagree on exactly the best way to implement it.
Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, and Isaac Newton all helped contribute to the development of the scientific method as a good way to learn about nature and science. They wrote papers and discussed how using experiments and changing variables can help to determine if a guess (or hypothesis) is correct.
test your knowledge http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/scientific-inquiry/scientific-methods.htm
HOMEWORK
APPLE OXIDATON EXPERIMENT
MATERIALS NEEDED FOR AN APPLE OXIDATION EXPERIMENT:
Small containers
2 apples
1 Lemon (squash the lemon)
Water
milk
Soda ( coke)
Experiment:
Take a lemon and squeeze it into a cup
Cut 1 apple in 1/4 (equally divided)
take 4 cups and add in each cup : for 1 cup 100 mls of lemon, for another cup 100 mls of water, for another cup 100 mls of milk and for the last cup 100 mls of coke.
Leave it like that for 8 hours .
Check the state of your apple after 1, 2 and 3 hours and talk with your parents about the effects.
is it a fair test?
yes... Remember if you want to do a fair test you only have to change one variable.
changed: lemon, milk, water and the coke.
did not change:
The amount of liquids for each cup
The time exposed
The size of the apple.
Follow the scientific method:
1. make an observation: write or draw a picture of the apple before.
2. sk a question: write a question.
what do we want to know?
example: How to reduce oxidation in an apple?
3. form a hypothesis/ prediction: I think that with the _____________ the apple will not turn brown.
4. Do a test or experimentation: Write the steps you follow.
5. Analyze data:
you can record the information using pictures or a table.
example:
ingredient
Time to become brown
Draw the results
lemon
water
milk
Coke
6. Draw conclusion:
When the inner part of the apple is exposed to an air, process of oxidation occurs.
That’s because an oxygen-reactive enzyme is found under the surface (skin) layer.
We can reduce oxidation by adding _____________________.
life processes are the basic processes in living organisims whic are necessary for maintaining their life. the basic life processes are:
MRS NERG OR MRS GREN VIDEO
movement:It's a simple fact, most animals move. Humans (like you) can move because your body is supported by an internal skeleton - that's right, you are just a bag of bones! living things require energy to move. three reasons why living things move are:
a. to look for food
b. to look for shelter
c. to escape from danger.
take a look at the skeleton of humans and some animals!!! it allows living things to move their body.
grizzly bear moving to find food.
plants movement
plants cannot move from one place to another ,they have parts like the stem that move to track the movement of the sun and the roots move underground to find water.
watch the videos to understand more
REPRODUCTION:
Animals can live happily all their lives, growing, eating and moving around, but if they don't reproduce (make babies) they won't have anything to show for themselves in the future - their species will quickly die out.
All animals reproduce. Human babies develop within their mother for nine months before they are born. They grow into children, adolescents, and eventually, adults.
The human life cycle is pretty simple. Look at the picture below, where do you fit in?
But not all animals reproduce in this way.
Birds lay hard-shelled eggs that hatch and produce helpless chicks. Marsupial mammals, like kangaroos give birth to tiny babies (about the size of jelly babies) that spend a long time in their mother's pouch before they are able to face the big wide world.
And what about frogs? Probably one of the most amazing ways of reproducing - and you can see it in your garden pond every year.
Have a look at the frog's life cycle. How does it differ from the human life cycle?
Sensitivity
living things can respond to changes around them.
Your senses let you know what is going on in the world around you. Humans have five senses: hearing, sight, smell, touch and taste. They are controlled by five sense organs: the ears, eyes, nose, skin and tongue.
The ears, eyes, nose, tongue and skin are the five sense organs.
Animals rely on some senses more than others. Hunting animals, like the cheetah, need very good eyesight to find their prey. Nocturnal animals often have very large eyes to maximise the amount they see at night, but also rely heavily on their sense of hearing.
Nutrition
Nutrition is just a complicated word for something we all like doing - eating!
All animals, including humans, eat to live.They take in food at their mouths, munch it with their teeth, and the teeth break it down so it can be taken into the stomach. All the nutritious bits of the food are absorbed into the body through the intestine, and the rest comes out the other end!
Chewing is very important - it starts the process that breaks down our food. Most mammals have teeth to chew their food. Their teeth are adapted to their diets, but they usually have some combination of the three types of teeth that are found in human mouths: incisors, canines and molars.
Look at the human teeth below. Can you identify the incisors, canines and molars?
Excretion
Excretion cleans up after respiration.
Respiration is a chemical reaction that takes glucose (sugar) and oxygen to produce energy. But it also produces water and carbon dioxide as bi-products.
Excretion gets rid of carbon dioxide, water, and other, possibly harmful, substances from your body.
Your lungs excrete carbon dioxide as you breathe out, your kidneys filter out nasties to produce urine, removing nitrogen waste from your body, and your skin sheds excess salt through sweat.
Remember there is one type of waste product that is not excreted from the body - poo! That's right, although it is a part of the body's waste, it is not a bi-product of your metabolism like urine is - it is expelled from the body, not excreted!
Respiration
All animals respire. A lot of people think respiration means breathing - this is not true. Respiration is a chemical reaction. It occurs in every cell in your body.
So what is respiration?
During normal human respiration, glucose (a type of sugar that you get from food) reacts with oxygen to produce energy. The energy is needed for growth, repair and movement. Water and carbon dioxide are bi-products of respiration - they need to be excreted.
difference between breathing and respiration
So why do people get respiration confused with breathing?
Well, respiration usually requires oxygen, and animals get their oxygen by breathing.
All vertebrate animals that live on land have lungs. When we breathe in, the muscle below the rib cage (called the diaphragm) is pulled down, and air gets sucked into the rib cage, filling the lungs. Blood cells circulating through tiny blood vessels near the lungs pick up oxygen and carry it around the body to the sites of respiration. Air is then forced out of the lungs as the diaphragm bows upwards.
So do all animals breathe in the same way?
Birds are different from humans in many ways. As you probably know, they fly, and their bodies are well adapted for flight. Their lungs are very efficient: they take in much more oxygen per breath than other animals do. Because they get this extra oxygen they have lots of energy to direct to the flight muscles in their wings - they can flap away for hours!
Frogs and toads have lungs, but when they are in water they can also breathe through their skin.
Some animals don't have lungs - fish are the obvious examples.
Growth
Babies can't stay babies all their lives!
They have to grow up! When first born, human babies are completely dependent on their parents for everything - food, water, shelter, clothing.
As babies grow into children and adolescents, humans are still dependent on their parents for many things - they have a lot of growing up to do, and don't become independent until they reach the age of about 18 when they go to college or move away from home.
Think of all the things that your parents still do for you.
They feed you, house you, act as your taxi service, and still give you pocket money!!!
(Aren't they great!!!)
Compared with most young animals humans have a very cushy life! Birds are encouraged to leave the nest as soon as they can fly and gather food for themselves. And most animals that live in the sea don't have any contact with their parents at all - they have to survive by themselves from day one.
So how do we grow? Like other mammals, humans grow at a fairly steady pace until they reach adulthood. Every day as they get older their bodies are changing. Their skeleton grows with them, each bone getting bigger over time.
The pictures below are trying to show you how hands grow.
The members of each group of living things share a set of special features unique to that group.
For example, plants contain a chemical called chlorophyll that they use to make their own food (it also makes them green). Every member of the plant kingdom shares this characteristic.
Scientists are always looking for these characteristics or 'observable features' which allow them to group different species together and see how they are related to each other.
we are going to learn about the main four living things..
ANIMALS- PLANTS- microorganisms such as FUNGI AND BACTERIA
ANIMAL KINGDOM
How do we divide the animal kingdom?
Classification is all about organising living things into groups. The members of any group all possess a shared characteristic - it is this characteristic or feature that defines the group.
Taking the animal kingdom as an example, we can see that it is split into two clear groups:
Invertebrates - animals without a backbone. Vertebrates - animals with a backbone.
The animals have been divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of a backbone. The backbone is the observable feature that defines whether the animal is a vertebrate or an invertebrate.
These groups are divided into smaller 'sub-groups'.
Sponges, corals, worms, insects, spiders and crabs are all sub-groups of the invertebrate group - they do not have a backbone.
Fish, reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals are different sub-groups of vertebrates - they all have internal skeletons and backbones.
The animals that belong to these sub-groups all share the observable features of that group. Just as all the vertebrates have backbones, all birds have feathers and lay eggs, and all mammals have fur and suckle their young.
To see find out more about the observable features of these sub-groups and to see how they all fit together you can have a look at the relationship 'tree' - or what we like to call The tree of life.
VERTEBRATE ANIMALS AND INVERTEBRATES ( ONLY INSECTS)
Flowering plants are categorized as high-class plants. At the adult stage, the plant produces flowers which can develop into fruits and seeds after being pollinated and fertilized. Rose, hibiscus, sunflower, mango, mango, banana, and papaya are flowering plants.
Non- flowering plants
Non- flowering plants do not carry flowers they produce spores, fungi or cones the are used for propagation (reproduction). Algae, moss, fern and conifer are no flowering plants.
Examples of non-flowering plants
fungi
Fungi are a group of living organisms which are classified in their own kingdom. This means they are not animals, plants, or bacteria. Unlike bacteria, which have simple prokaryotic cells, fungi have complex eukaryotic cells like animals and plants. Fungi are found throughout the Earth including on land, in the water, in the air, and even in plants and animals. They vary widely in size from microscopically small to the largest organisms on Earth at several square miles large. There are more than 100,000 different identified species of fungi. Roles of Fungi Food -
Many fungi are used as food such as mushrooms and truffles. Yeast, a type of fungi, is used when baking bread to help it rise and to ferment beverages. Decomposition - Fungi play an important role in the decomposition of organic matter. This decomposition is necessary for many of the cycles of life such as the carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen cycles. By breaking down organic matter, fungi release carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen into the soil and the atmosphere. Medicine - Some fungi are used to killed bacteria that can cause infections and disease in humans. They make antibiotics like penicillin and cephalosporin.
How are fungi different from plants?
they are different from plants in two important ways: 1) fungi cell walls are composed of chitin rather than cellulose (plants) and 2) fungi do not make their own food like plants do through photosynthesis. Characteristics of Fungi They are eukaryotic. They get their food by decomposing matter or eating off their hosts as parasites. They do not possess chlorophyll like plants. They reproduce through numerous spores rather than pollen, fruit, or seeds. They are usually not motile, meaning they cannot actively move around.
Types of Fungi Scientists often divide fungi into four groups: club fungi, molds, sac fungi, and imperfect fungi. Some of the more common fungi that you are likely to see or use everyday are described below. Mushrooms - Mushrooms are part of the club fungi group. Mushrooms are the fruiting body of a fungus. Some mushrooms are good to eat and are used as food, while others are very poisonous. Never eat a mushroom you find in the woods! Mold - Molds are formed by filaments called hyphae. Molds tend to form on old fruit, bread, and cheese. They sometimes look furry as the hyphae grow upward and release more mold spores from their tips. Yeast - Yeasts are small round single-celled organisms. Yeasts are important in making bread rise.
BACTERIA
What are bacteria?
Bacteria are tiny little organisms that are everywhere around us. We can't see them without a microscope because they are so small, but they are in the air, on our skin, in our bodies, in the ground, and all throughout nature. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms. Their cell structure is unique in that they don't have a nucleus and most bacteria have cell walls similar to plant cells. They come in all sorts of shapes including rods, spirals, and spheres. Some bacteria can "swim" around using long tails called flagella. Others just hang out or glide along.
Are bacteria dangerous?
Most bacteria aren't dangerous, but some are and can make us sick. These bacteria are called pathogens. Pathogens can cause diseases in animals and plants. Some examples of pathogens are leprosy, food poisoning, pneumonia, tetanus, and typhoid fever. Fortunately, we have antibiotics we can take which help to fight off the bad pathogens. We also have antiseptics to help us keep wounds clean of bacteria and antibiotic soap we use to wash to help keep off bad pathogens. Remember to wash your hands!
Are bacteria all bad?
Not at all. Actually most bacteria are very helpful to us. They play an important role in the planet's ecosystem as well as in human survival.
http://www.ducksters.com/science/bacteria.php FOR MORE INFO...
PAN BALANCE: Is used to measures the mass of an object.. 
MAGNET : An object that attracts iron or steel. 
cannot see with your eyes.it magnifies objects.
TEST TUBE: It is smaller than a beaker.it is open at one
GRADUATED CYLINDER: it is also used to measure the volume of liquids.
Animals can live happily all their lives, growing, eating and moving around, but if they don't reproduce (make babies) they won't have anything to show for themselves in the future - their species will quickly die out.
Classification is all about organising living things into groups. The members of any group all possess a shared characteristic - it is this characteristic or feature that defines the group.
